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International Education and Social Science Exploration (IESSE) April 2026, Vol.2, No.2

Differential Fouling Mechanisms in Coagulation-Enhanced Polymer Complexation Ultrafiltration: Quantitative Dissection via a Four-Layer Resistance Model

Xinyue Li

Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China

Abstract: To address the engineering bottleneck of insufficient purification efficiency and lack of quantitative membrane fouling analysis during emergency treatment of sudden cadmium pollution in source water, this study established a standardized polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation pretreatment (20 mg/L) coupled with sodium polyacrylate (PAANa) complexation-ultrafiltration (UF) system. By fixing the optimal coagulation conditions to eliminate interference from pretreatment fluctuations on membrane fouling attribution, a four-layer membrane resistance quantitative dissection model was developed based on the resistance-in-series theory, enabling precise separation of reversible gel cake fouling from irreversible pore adsorption fouling. The regulatory effects of PAANa dosage, pH, and humic acid (HA) concentration on cadmium rejection performance and membrane fouling evolution were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the optimal operating conditions were PAANa 20 mg/L at neutral pH, under which the effluent cadmium concentration stably met the GB 5749-2022 limit (0.005 mg/L) while effectively suppressing irreversible resistance accumulation. Gel concentration polarization resistance dominated instantaneous flux decline, and free short-chain PAANa was identified as the core foulant inducing permanent pore plugging. Alkaline environments and elevated HA loads exhibited synergistic aggravation effects on dual membrane fouling. This study elucidates the binary trade-off mechanism between “water purification and membrane fouling control,” providing theoretical foundation and operational optimization guidance for emergency treatment of sudden cadmium pollution in drinking water sources.

Keywords: cadmium pollution, ultrafiltration, layered membrane resistance, membrane fouling mechanism

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